Tag: the respiratory system

Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule.

Glycolysis is also known as EMP pathway on the name of the scientist who discovered it and they were Embden, Mayerhoff and Parnas.

For bacteria to continue growing rapidly when they are shifted from an environment containing O2 to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of glycolysis. Although the amount of ATP produced by anaerobic glycolysis (2) is very less as compared to ATP produced by aerobic glycolysis (38), glycolysis under anaerobic condition is very quick process. It generates ATP very quickly. 

Glycolysis is the splitting of glucose into two pyruvate molecules. It occurs firstly in the cytoplasm and gains a small amount of energy while the other steps occur in the mitochondria where coenzymes and cytochromes are present, it is also the powerhouse of a cell where energy is generated.

• Glycolysis is the process of partial oxidation of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid through the enzyme-mediated reaction series.
• Here two molecules of ATP are utilized. First during the conversion of Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate and second during the conversion of Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-1,6-biphosphate.
• 4 molecules of ATP are synthesized during 2 substrate based phosphorylated reaction. 
• First 2 molecules of ATP released during the conversion of 2 molecules of 1,3 bisphosphoglyceric acid to 2 molecules of 3 phosphoglyceric acids. Next 2 molecules are released during the conversion of 2 molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. 
• In splitting of one glucose molecule into two pyruvates only the enzymes present in the cytoplasm are used and no oxygen is required. 
• It is an anaerobic process.

The process of cellular respiration occurs into three steps :

Cellular respiration occurs firstly in the cytoplasm and then in mitochondria. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm in which glucose breaks into two pyruvates which are transported to mitochondria through an inner mitochondrial membrane which performs the Krebs cycle. This pyruvate regularly enters the mitochondria to start the Krebs cycle and complete cellular respiration.

Glycolysis is the foremost step in the process of cellular respiration which breakdown glucose molecule to extract energy. It is the part of the metabolism of nearly all the cells and organisms as it is the basic process, it does not require oxygen hence it is anaerobic. it occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes.

• The process of glycolysis takes place in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic animals as a part of the respiration process to provide the cell with energy.
• The process of glycolysis always takes places in the cytoplasm of any cell where it occurs for 2 reasons. 
• First the enzymes that are required for the process are present in the cytoplasm and secondly any of the membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria are nit present in prokaryotic organisms so if the glycolysis was taking place in mitochondria then the prokaryotes won't be able to preform it.
• Only the reactions of the aerobic respiration such as Kerb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria to produce ATP.
• Therefore the sentence above is FALSE and the option 'False' is correct.
  

• For the glycolysis to start the glucose molecule is firstly to be converted to Glucose 6 phophaste after that only will the reaction proceed for which ATP is required which is converted to ADP after the conversion.
• So when the amount of the ATP in the cell is reduced and the amount of ADP is increased the process is to be started to provide the cell with the required ATP.
• So the receptors of the cells or the gene that regulate the process of glycolysis are somewhat stimulated by the presence of increased amount of ADP as there are other factors also which control the process of glycolysis such as the amount of ATP, Pyruvic acid etc.
• Therefore it can be said that the ADP is one of the stimulating factors for the Glycolysis process.
• Therefore the correct answer is option 'stimulated by ADP'.