Tag: chemical coordination and integration

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidney that leads to the formation of red blood cells (RBC) in the bone marrow. Its major function is to enable the differentiation and development of red blood cells and to initiate the production of hemoglobin. Thus the correct answer is option A.

A.Cholecystokinin is a hormone which is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas.
B.Erythropoietin is a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys. 
C.Secretin,a hormone released into the bloodstream by the duodenum.
So,the correct option is 'Epinephrine'.

• Angiotensinogen is a precursor protein made in the liver for a hormone called angiotensin I. 
• And renin catalyzes a reaction that converts the angiotensinogen protein into angiotensin I, which is a precursor hormone that is converted to an active hormone called angiotensin II by an enzyme known as an angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs. Hence, Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin by renin.

• Renin, also known as an angiotensinogenase, is an aspartic protease protein.
• This enzyme is secreted by the kidneys that participate in the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)  that mediates the volume of extracellular fluid (blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction. 
• Thus, it regulates the body's mean arterial blood pressure. Hence, renin is not secreted by the liver.

• Erythropoietin is a  peptide hormone produced primarily by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.
• Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
• The resulting rise in red cells increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
•  As the prime regulator of red cell production, erythropoietin's major functions are to promote the development of red blood cells. Hence, Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide hormone called Erythropoietin.

• Renin is a hormone produced by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.
• Renin also acts as an enzyme in the conversion of angiotensin-1 to its active form, angiotensin-2 involved in constriction of blood vessels. Hence renin is both a hormone and an enzyme. Hence, renin is both a hormone and enzyme.

• Angiotensin is a polypeptide that narrow blood vessels and thus regulates arterial pressure. 
• Angiotensin not only constricts blood vessels all over the body in order to increase systemic blood pressure, but it also works in the kidneys in order to maintain blood pressure in the glomerulus(glomerular pressure) so that the glomerular filtration rate stays normal even in the condition when blood pressure is low. Hence, angiotensin increases glomerular pressure.