Tag: botany

Tyloses are generally the outgrowth protruding from the parenchyma cells of xylem vessels. It generally protects the vascular tissue during stress like drought or infection. During unfavourable conditions, it falls from the sides of the cells and dam up the vascular tissue to prevent further damage to the plant. It can be traced in the secondary xylem. It aids in the process of making sapwood into heartwood in some hardwood trees, especially in trees with larger vessels. These blockages can be used in addition to gum plugs as soon as vessels become filled with air bubbles, and they help to form a stronger heartwood by slowing the progress of rot.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Tissue which develops more due to the scarcity of water is sclerenchyma. Sclerenchyma is the supporting tissue in plants. Two types of sclerenchyma cells exist: fibres and sclereids. Their walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Sclerenchyma cells are the principal supporting cells in plant tissues that have ceased elongation. Sclerenchyma is composed of dead cells with extremely thick cell walls -secondary walls that make up to 90% of the whole cell volume.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Sclerenchyma is a simple permanent tissue which is mainly composed of dead cells. The walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. These are the principal supporting cells in plant tissues that have ceased elongation. 

Sclerenchyma is a simple permanent tissue which is mainly composed of dead cells. The walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. These are the principal supporting cells in plant tissues that have ceased elongation. 
Sclerenchyma fibres are of great economical importance, since they constitute the source material for many fabrics (flax, hemp, jute, ramie).

The protoderm mainly differentiates to form the dermal layer which is known as epidermis, hypodermis, and endodermis. Hypodermis (exodermis) is the outermost layer of cells in the plant cortex. These cells are modified to give additional structural support or to store food materials or water. After the loss of the piliferous layer of the root, the hypodermis takes over the protective functions of the epidermis.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Senescence refers to the loss of functional capacity causing a cellular breakdown and metabolic failure. It is a characteristic feature of the period between reproductive maturity and death of a plant or plant part or cell, which ultimately causes cell death. 

Sclerenchyma cells have thick lignified secondary walls and often die when mature. It provides the main structural support to a plant. They are long and pointed cells. 

Parenchyma is a simple living tissue, which is composed of thin-walled polyhedral, isodiametric living cells with sufficient cytoplasm and one or more nuclei. 

Conduction of food from leaves to other parts of the plant is carried out by phloem cells. 
The synthesis of food is carried out by chlorenchyma cells. These are parenchyma cells with chlorophyll pigments. 

Sclerenchyma is the simple permanent tissue. It commonly forms the protective covering of the nuts and fruits but it also forms the ground tissue which supports different  specialized cells. Their walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.