Tag: soldiers of defense

Acid citrate dextrose solution (anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution) is a solution of citric acid, sodium citrate and dextrose in water. It is mainly used as an anticoagulant to preserve blood specimens required for tissue typing because it removes the calcium ion which plays an important role in blood clotting reaction.

All of them are anticoagulant. 'Citrate' is in liquid form and is used for coagulation tests, as well as in blood transfusion bags. It binds with the calcium ion, preventing the coagulation proteins from using them and thus prevent blood from clotting and this can be reversed with the addition of calcium. It can be in the form of sodium citrate or acid-citrate-dextrose.
'Oxalate' is an anticoagulant, which has a mechanism similar to that of citrate. It is used in fluoride oxalate tubes, used to determine glucose and lactate levels.
'Dicoumarol' is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that functions as a functional vitamin K depleter. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.
'Heparin' is widely used anticoagulant. It works by activating antithrombin III, which blocks thrombin from clotting blood. It can be used in vivo as an injectable anticoagulant. It can also be used to form an inner anticoagulant surface on various experimental and medical devices such as test tubes and renal dialysis machines.

Blood serum is the component of blood that has neither a blood cell nor a clotting factor. Serum includes all proteins not used in blood clotting (coagulation) and all the electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any exogenous substances (e.g., drugs and microorganisms). Hence, serum does not clot. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

In blood, platelets produce thromboplastin only at the site of injury and not in the normal condition which initiates the process of blood clotting. There is an another factor or protein called fibrinogen. When it makes contact with oxygen, it polymerizes to fibrin wires, creating a heap of fibrin wires, in which the various blood cells get caught, thus clogging the wound. Because all the oxygen in the blood is already bound to haemoglobin (red cells), it can't interact with the fibrinogen, thus cannot create a clot. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Coagulation (blood clotting) is a complex process that involves a positive feedback system. The factors involved are-
Factor I Fibrinogen
Factor II Prothrombin
Factor III Tissue Factor (Thromboplastin)
Factor IV Calcium
Factor V Labile factor, proaccelerin, Ac-globulin
Factor VII Stable factor, proconvertin
Factor VIII Antihaemophilic globulin (AHG), Antihaemphilic factor A 
Factor IX Christmas factor, plasma thromboplastin component
Factor X Stuart power factor
Factor XI Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
Factor XII Hageman factor
Factor XIII Fibrin stabilising factor
Vitamin K is essential for synthesis of factors II, VII, IX and X.
Their numbers represent the order in which they were discovered.

Clotting factor VIII is the antihemophilic factor while factor VII serves as an accelerator of serum prothrombin conversion. Clotting factor V is proaccelerin. Clotting factor VI was once considered to have clotting function but is now rejected. Thus, the correct answer is C. 

One of the initial steps in blood coagulation is the release of thromboplastin that interacts with other clotting factors and calcium ions. Fibrinogen is a soluble blood protein that becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands during last steps of clotting. Bilirubin is the breakdown product of hemoglobin. Thus, the correct answer is C.