Tag: vaccines

Questions Related to vaccines

Pulse Polio Immunization involves vaccination of all children between the ages of _______

vaccines antibody production and vaccination immunity animal physiology biology

  1. 5 to 10 years

  2. 0 to 5 years

  3. 1 to 9 years

  4. 10 to 15 years

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Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Explanation: Pulse Polio Immunization is a program initiated by the Government of India, where children between the ages of 0 to 5 years are administered oral polio vaccine twice a year to interrupt transmission of polio.

Streptomycin is obtained from 

biology the world of microbes medicinal use of microorganisms use of microorganisms in medicine vaccines

  1. Streptomyces griseus

  2. S. cerevisiae

  3. S. venezuelae

  4. S. rimosus

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

S. cerevisiae is used in the formation of dough while S.venezuelae is used in obtaining chloramphenicol drug. Oxytetracycline is obtained from S.rimosus. 

Antibiotics are obtained from 

biology the world of microbes medicinal use of microorganisms use of microorganisms in medicine vaccines

  1. bacteria

  2. fungi

  3. actinomycetes

  4. all of these.

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Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Antibiotic are obtained from bacteria (like streptomycin), fungi (like Penicillium) and actinomycetes (like Novobiocin).
So, the correct option is 'all of these'

Normal E. coli cells carry resistance against which of the following antibiotics?

biology the world of microbes medicinal use of microorganisms use of microorganisms in medicine vaccines

  1. Chloramphenicol

  2. Ampicillin

  3. Tetracycline

  4. None of these

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:
A. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections such as eye infections.
B. Ampicillin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections such as ear infections.
C. Tetracycline is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections such as cholera, acne etc.
All these antibiotics are used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Normal E. coli cells do not carry resistance against any of the following antibiotics. However, the plasmids of E. coli are genetically modified and genes carrying resistance for these antibiotics is integrated within the plasmid and this genetically engineered plasmid is transformed into host cells.
So, the correct answer is 'None of the above'.

Which of these antibiotics is/are obtained from bacteria?

biology the world of microbes medicinal use of microorganisms use of microorganisms in medicine vaccines

  1. Penicillin

  2. Erythromycin

  3. Polio vaccine

  4. All of the above

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain species of Penicillium and is produced when the growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress.

Erythromycin is a bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus.
Polio vaccine contains killed virus and is given by injection. It is given to prevent polio, an infectious disease of the nervous system.

So, the correct option is 'Erythromycin'.

How the antibiotics work?

biology the world of microbes medicinal use of microorganisms use of microorganisms in medicine vaccines

  1. They block the biochemical pathway of some cells of host

  2. They block the biochemical pathway of pathogens

  3. They only bring down the effect of disease

  4. They comfort the patient

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Antibiotics are compounds which are used to treat bacterial infection. They work by blocking the biochemical pathway of pathogens. They inhibit the synthesis of enzymes required for cell wall biosynthesis, nucleic acid metabolism or protein synthesis. They also act by disrupting the cell membrane of pathogens.

Thus, the correct answer is 'They block the biochemical pathway of pathogens.'

Why do antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses ? 

biology the world of microbes medicinal use of microorganisms use of microorganisms in medicine vaccines

  1. Antibiotics stimulate the immune system against bacteria but not viruses

  2. Viruses have a ways of blocking antibiotics

  3. Viruses are too small to be affected by antibiotics

  4. Viruses do not have a metabolism

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

  • Bacteria (except in spore stage) must be continuously metabolically active most of the time and thus can be cured at any time. Viruses are metabolically inert until they got a host cell and thus they are not susceptible to the actions of antivirals until then. An exception would be drugs that block viral adhesion to host cells, thus preventing their entry.
  • The virus often hijacks host genes, thus their protein can be closely related to host proteins. So it is difficult to distinguish between host and virus proteins.
  • The virus does not have a cell wall as bacteria. Antibiotics stop the making of a cell wall in bacteria. Thus they remain unaffected by antibiotics.

So the correct answer is 'Viruses do not have a metabolism'.

For minor troubles such as cold, antibiotics should not be consumed because

biology the world of microbes medicinal use of microorganisms use of microorganisms in medicine vaccines

  1. They can damage intestinal wall.

  2. They can create antibiotic resistant bacteria in the future.

  3. Both A and B.

  4. None of the above.

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Antibiotics should not be used for minor troubles like cold because some pathogenic bacteria could develop resistance to the action of this antibiotic. And on the excessive use of antibiotic, they can cause damage to the beneficiary intestinal micro-organisms. So, the correct answer is option B.

Which among the following is an antibiotic?

biology the world of microbes medicinal use of microorganisms use of microorganisms in medicine vaccines

  1. Sodium bicarbonate

  2. Streptomycin

  3. Alcohol

  4. Yeast

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Antibiotics are the chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They either prevent the bacterial cells from multiplying.

Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug which hinders the reproductive pathway of the plant.
So, the correct answer is option B.

Which is the first antibiotic which was extracted from bacteria?

biology the world of microbes medicinal use of microorganisms use of microorganisms in medicine vaccines

  1. Tubulin

  2. Penicillin

  3. Streptomycin

  4. Charmoycin

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Penicillin is the first antibiotic extracted from fungi, whereas streptomycin is the first antibiotic extracted from bacteria Streptomyces griseus.