Tag: reproduction in higher plants

Water lotus (Nelumbo  nucifera) have an unusually long period of viable germination. Even if, a seed is in the ideal condition of germination, it might remain dormant for decades. They show self-preservation and resistance to germination. 

The ovary is converted into fruit after the formation of an embryo and protects the seed in angiosperms.

A. Seed in many members of the Euphorbiaceae, such as castor, the soft outgrowth capping the hard seed is formed by proliferation of the cells at the tip of the outer integument called caruncle. It is rich in starch and sugars.

B. Cotyledons-  They  are thin, semi-transparent and oval in outline in castor. They have palmate venation. The middle costa or rib is more prominent and bears a few lateral veins.

C. Funiculus- It is a stalk like structure which attaches the ovule to the placenta.

D. Inner integument- It forms the tegman, inner covering of seed.

So, the correct answer is ‘Outer Integument’.

Cardamoms are ripe and dried fruits of  Elettaria cardamomum, commonly called green or true cardamoms. They are called the 'queen of spices' because of the aroma and taste. 

Double fertilization process is observed in angiosperms in which syngamy takes place in the beginning. After syngamy the pollen tubes releases two male gametes, one fuses with the nucleus of egg cell and the other with the central cell and forms primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). The process is called as triple fusion as endosperm is triploid in nature.