Tag: aids to health

. The mucous membrane is the epithelial tissue which lines several organs and secretes mucus. It stops pathogens and dirt from entering the body and to prevent bodily tissues by pushing disease causing agents towards body opening, it also prevents organs from  dehydration

Innate immune system is quick and non specific, it is the 1$^{st}$ immediate response of the body on infection. It is also referred to as primary response that would eliminate certain number of pathogens keeping the infection in check. 

Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta or can be induced artificially, when high levels of human antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals.
Emil Adolf von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburo discovered the antitoxin-based immunity to diphtheria and tetanus and antitoxin became the first major success of modern therapeutic immunology.

A. The lymph node is in the form of fibres called reticulum with white blood cells attached to it,  lymph sinus is lined by reticular cells and macrophages.

• Passive immunity is the protection against disease through antibodies produced by another human being or animal.
• Passive immunity doesn't last as long as active immunity.
• Emil von Behring was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for his discovery of serum therapy for diphtheria. He showed that serum from rabbits immunized with tetanus toxin could prevent tetanus in rabbits because it contains antibodies against tetanus.
• Hence the method of passive immunity was discovered by Von Behring.
•  So, the correct answer is 'Von Behring'.

Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies (exogenous). Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and it can also be induced artificially when high levels of antibodies specific to a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune persons through blood products that contain antibodies. Passive immunization can be provided when people cannot synthesize antibodies, and when they have been exposed to a disease against which a person is not immunized.

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop acquired immunity to a pathogen. Upon administration of attenuated or inactivated antigen (vaccine), the antibodies are produced by plasma cells and memory cells are activated. When the same antigen attacks the person in future, the memory cells recognize the antigen and promotes phagocytosis.

A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic acquired immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity). The total number of lymphocytes present in healthy humans is approximately 1 trillion.

Active immunity is the induction of immunity after exposure to an antigen. Antibodies are created by the recipient and may be stored permanently due to the activation of memory cells which recognizes the same antigen in future and destroy them. Active immunity can occur naturally when a microbe or other antigen is received by a person who has not yet come into contact with the microbe and has no pre-made antibodies for defence.