Tag: pollination and fertilization

Kigelia pinnate is a species belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. It is found in tropical Africa. This is an evergreen tree with pinnate leaves and long drooping inflorescence. It produces bell-shaped flowers in panicles and has a strong scent which is most notable at night. The strong smell attracts the bat which comes for pollen and nectar and thus these are generally pollinated by bats. 

Pollination is the transferring of pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. Pollination by the agency of ants is called myrmecophily. Pollination by bats, insects and birds are called cleiropterophily, entomophily and ornithophily respectively. 

The seeds of the fruits get dispersed by different methods. Xanthium and Urena are the plants in which the fruits produces seeds having structures like spines or hooks. These structures are used for clinging the seeds on the body of the animals and get carried away with them and get dispersed.

Bees are the most effective pollinators which spent most of their lifetime in collecting pollen to feed their offsprings. At least 30%of 1,500 crop plant species depend on pollination by bees.

Adansonia is a genus of nine species of tree, including six native to Madagascar, two native to mainland Africa and the Arabian peninsula, and one native to Australia. They undergo pollination with the help of bats. It is thus, classified under chiropterophily mode of pollination.

Ornithophily is a type of pollination that takes place in flowering plant by birds. The birds with long beaks like hummingbird show this type of pollination. The plants, which undergo ornithophily are usually bright coloured and unscented.

Pollination is the transfer of pollens from the male anther to the female stigma. It is carried out by the help of animals, birds, insects, water and wind. Pollination carried out by bats is called chiropterophily. The pollination carried out by the birds is called ornithophily. The pollination carried out by snails is called malacophily. The pollination carried out by insects is called entomophily.

Pollination by agency of insects is known as entomophily or insect pollination. Bees, butterflies, moths and beetles are main pollinating insects. Insect pollinated flowers are large, conspicuous, bright coloured and have pleasant smell. They have nectarines on receptacles or on spurs at the base of flower whorls and produce nectar to attract insects. Option A is incorrect. Pollination by agency of birds is known as ornithophily. The common pollinating birds are squirrels, bats, snails etc. the bird pollinated flowers are colourful, mostly red, produce lots of nectar and also exhibit adaptations to protect nectar from insects. Option C is incorrect. Pollination by bats is known as chiropterophily. The plants produce large, bell shaped and attractive flowers that open at night and produce strong odours and nectar. Option D is incorrect. Pollination by snails and slug is called as malacophily. These flowers have long blooming period to facilitate access of pollen to snails. 

Tissue culture technology is grounded on the fact that the entire plant can be regenerated from explants. This capacity to produce a whole plant from any cell/explant is named totipotency. Individually these plants will be genetically identical to the original plant. Several important food plants like tomato, apple, banana, etc., can be generated on the commercial scale by this method.

Thus, the correct option is C.

The majority of angiosperms bear chasmogamous flowers, which means the flowers expose their mature anthers and stigma to the pollinating agents. There is another group of plants which set seeds without exposing their sex organs. Such flowers are called cleistogamous and the phenomenon cleistogamy.