Tag: inherited changes

• Operator gene is a segment of DNA present between the promoter and the genes of the operon. It helps in transcribing the genes of the operon.
  
• Regulator gene often codes for repressor proteins which bind with the operator and checks the operon.
  
• Repressor gene physically obstructs the RNA polymerase from transcribing the genes by binding with the operator gene.
  
• Structural genes are the genes that undergo translation to produce enzymes and are co-regulated by the operon.
  
• Promoter gene is a nucleotide sequence that enables a gene to be transcribed. It is recognized by RNA polymerase, which then initiates transcription.
  

Regulation of functioning of the expression of genes is known as the regulation of gene expression. It is basically of three types- inducible, constitutive and repressible.

The promoter is a DNA segment that serves to initiate transcription of a particular gene. They are present upstream near the transcription start sites of genes. Regulator gene regulates the expression of structural genes by its protein product that is mostly transcription factors, also termed as the repressor. The operator is a DNA sequence present between the promoter region and the first coding gene. This operator region serves as a repressor protein binding site. The repressor binds to operator region which is located just upstream the binding site of the RNA polymerase and hence, prevent the binding and transcription; this makes option C incorrect. Regulator gene serves to regulate the expression of structural genes via repressor; it does not provide the binding site for RNA polymerase; option A is wrong. The inducer is a molecule that binds to repressor to prevent its binding to operator region and thereby, facilitates gene expression; option B is incorrect.

Regulator gene regulates the expression of structural genes by its protein products that are mostly transcription factors. These transcription factors bind to the operator region which is located just upstream the binding site of the RNA polymerase and hence prevent the binding and transcription; option D is correct. Operator is a DNA sequence present between the promoter region and the first coding gene. This operator region serves as repressor protein binding site; option B is wrong. Genes which govern more or less same trait or perform same role are called redundant genes; presence of these genes confers advantage of diluting the effect of point mutation on organisms; option C is wrong. Presence of more than one allele on a genetic locus is called gene polymorphism provided that the allele is present with more than 5% frequency in the population; option A is wrong. 

In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, on the same strand and upstream on the DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand).

An operon is a functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter. The genes are transcribed together into an mRNA strand and either translated together in the cytoplasm, or undergo trans-splicing to create monocistronic mRNAs that are translated separately. Regulator gene regulates inhibiting transcription of mRNA.