Tag: development experience (1947-90)

External assistance is being defined as “all official resources which the recipient can use or otherwise benefit from in pursuit of its objectives', the terms official resources meaning, in this instance, “all loans, grants, technical assistance, guarantees or other assistance provided or committed under a binding. India has always relied on other countries for external assistance since independence.

India is one of the most populous countries in the world. Labour is available at a high rate in India, thus, Indian economy is labour surplus and for production mechanism more labour intensive methods are used.

The statement regarding production techniques is correct. The reason being that production techniques are backward in an underdeveloped economy. Others are incorrect because agriculture occupies $53.2$% (in $2009-10)$ population of India and nearly $29.8$% population of India is below the poverty line in $2009-10$.

A standard of living is the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class or a certain geographic area. The standard of living includes factors such as income, gross domestic product, national economic growth, economic and political stability, political and religious freedom, environmental quality, climate, and safety. The standard of living is closely related to quality of life.It is measured by HDI.

The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. In most sexually reproducing species, the ratio tends to be 1:1. 

In May 1854, the Bombay–Thane line was extended to Kalyan with the Thane viaducts over the Thane creek (India's first railway bridges).

The first railway line in India was constructed during the rule of Lord Dalhousie. The first train started from Bori Bunder in Bombay at 3:35 pm on April 16, 1853 with a 21-gun salute. It had 14 carriages.

The agricultural sector accounted for the largest share of the workforce which was around 70-75%. The manufacturing and the services sectors accounted for only 10 and 15-20 percent respectively. Also, there were increasing regional variations under the British rule.

The state of infrastructure during the pre-British India was very poor. The transportation and communication lines were below average due to insufficient funds. In fact, most of the villages lacked connectivity by pucca roads. Consequently, natural dusty tracks were the roads predominant in India. However, such roads spelt misery during monsoons as they became muddy and difficult to traverse.  During natural calamities, these roads became unfunctional as a result of which various areas became inaccessible and were cut-off. 

 First proposals for railways in India were made in Madras in 1832. The first train in India ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in 1837. It was called Red Hill Railway and used a rotary steam locomotive manufactured by William Avery.