Tag: transportation in animal and plants

The ejection of blood into the arteries causes the pressure within the arteries to rise, so the ventricular blood pressure is the highest in contracting arteries.

Adrenal medulla secrets adrenaline in response to stress and emergency condition. These hormones increase alertness, pupillary dilation, sweating etc. Both the hormones increase the heartbeat, the strength of heart contraction, blood pressure, rate of respiration.

Noradrenaline are rapidly secreted in response to the stress of any kind and during emergency situations and are called emergency hormones. In the rest of the  body, norepinephrine increases the heart rate and blood pressure.

When renal blood flow is reduced, the enzyme renin is secreted by the kidney cells. This promotes the conversion of angiotensinogen, produced by the liver, to angiotensin, which stimulates the production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the excretion of potassium by the kidneys. This raises the blood volume and the flow of blood through the kidneys, suppressing renin production and reducing aldosterone secretion.

As stated in the passage ANP is secreted by heart atrium in response to high blood pressure when the atrial wall is stretched.

As stated in the passage Renin-Angiotensin system increase blood pressure by causing retention of sodium and stimulation mineralocorticoid secretion. ANP reduces the blood pressure by excreting out sodium and excess water and vasodilation.

The atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP) is a cardiac hormone in which gene and receptors are widely present in the body. Its main function is to lower blood pressure and to control electrolyte homeostasis. So the correct option is 'Increase blood pressure'.

Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH), commonly known as bleeding, is the most widely recognized of all disorders affecting racehorses. EIPH is characterized by bleeding from the lungs after strenuous exercise. Research studies have shown that horses experience unusually high blood pressures within the lungs during exercise. Deep within the lung, thousands of tiny air sac or alveoli interface with capillaries, forming the blood-gas barrier. This incredibly thin barrier readily allows oxygen to move from the lungs into the blood (and carbon dioxide to move in the opposite direction). This blood-gas barrier is not sufficiently strong in horses, to withstand high stress on the capillary wall, that exist during races or intense exercise. Due to which some lung capillaries get ruptured and release blood into the airways. The term "pulmonary capillary stress failure" is also used to describe this phenomenon. 

When the heart beats, it contracts and pushes blood through the arteries to the rest of the body. This force creates pressure on the arteries. This is called as systolic blood pressure. A normal systolic blood pressure is 120 mm hg. The diastolic blood pressure indicates the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. A normal diastolic blood pressure number is 80 mm hg.

High blood pressure is a non-infectious (non-communicable) condition. It is often caused by excessive weight and lack of exercise.