Tag: immunology

Ringworm is a contagious fungal infection caused by mould-like parasites that live on the cells in the outer layer of your skin. It can be spread from Human to human. Ringworm often spreads by direct, skin to skin contact with an infected person. It is caused by Haemophilus and Epidermophyton. Hence, Ringworms are caused by Haemophilus and Epidermophyton.] So, the correct answer is 'III and IV'.

Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin that affects the skin of scalp, feet, groin, beard and also nails. It is a contagious disease that spreads from person to person or contact with fomites. The disease is also called  Athlete's foot when the pathogen infects the foot. It is also called Barber's itch as if infects barbers commonly. It is called Dhobie's itch as washerman come in contact with infected clothes and get the disease. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

• Ringworm is an infection of the skin caused by a fungal infection. Ring worm is characterised by the ring shaped rashes on the skin, itching, yellowing or decolouration of the affected area. It may also result in hair loss, if it infects the areas covered by hair. It is spread through skin contact with infected person.
  
• Filaria is caused by a roundworm Wuchereria bancrofti while Typhoid fever is due to bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi

Athelete's foot is caused by a fungi known as Tinea pedi. The fungus can be caught by contact with an infected person or by contact with contaminated surface. So, the correct option is 'Tinea pedis'.

Ringworm (tines) is a fungal infection of the skin, the scalp, or the-nails. Ringworm is caused by the dermatophyte fungi-species of Microsporum, and Epidermophyton and also affects animals, a source of infection for humans.

 Poultry fowls are susceptible to diseases caused by viruses (bird flu, Ranikhet), bacteria (Salmonellosis, Tuberculosis), fungi (Aspergillosis).

Inflammation, a response triggered by damage to living tissues. The inflammatory response is a defence mechanism that evolved in higher organisms to protect them from infection and injury. Its purpose is to localize and eliminate the injurious agent and to remove damaged tissue components so that the body can begin to heal. The four cardinal signs of inflammation—redness (Latin rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor).

Inflammation is a very prominent response to TNF-α. There are four typical signs of inflammation, erythema (redness), heat, swelling, and pain. These are a consequence of increased blood flow and capillary permeability, the influx of phagocytic cells, and tissue damage. Increased blood flow is caused by constriction of the capillaries that carry blood away from the infected area, and leads to engorgement of the capillary network. Erythema and an increase in tissue temperature accompany capillary constriction. In addition, the permeability of capillaries increases, allowing cells and fluid to leave and enter the surrounding tissue. These fluids have a higher protein content than the fluids normally found in tissues, causing swelling.

One of the best-known chemical mediators released from cells during inflammation is histamine, which triggers vasodilation and increases vascular permeability. Stored in granules of circulating basophils and mast cells, histamine is released immediately when these cells are injured.