Tag: glucose metabolism

• For the aerobic respiration the substrate glucose has  to undergo a following set of process 
• First of which is glycolysis where the molecule of glucose is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate.
• These pyruvate molecules are to be cconverted to Acetyl CoA so that it can enter the mitochondrial membrane and undergo kerb cycle.
• After being converted to acetyl coA it takes part in kerb cycle where molecules of NADH, FADH and ATP are formed.
• These NADH, FADH molecules are the electron acceptors which are used in ETS to transport electron and hydrogen ions through the complexs.
• These electrons and hydrogen ions are used for the formation of ATP via ATP synthase.
• Therefore the process for the aerobic breakdown of glucose is Glycolysis followed by transition of pyruvate then citric acid cycle which is followed by electron transport system.
• Therefore the correct answer is 'Glycolysis-transition-citric acid cycle-electron transport system'

Under Anaerobic conditions, Pyruvic Acid enters in matrix of mitochondrion and undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form 2 carbon energy rich compound called Acetyl Co A.

This process utilizes 2 oxygen atoms. Incomplete oxidation of Pyruvate leads to the formation of lactic acid in muscles and formation of ethyl alcohol in yeast as a process of fermentation.

So, the correct answer is '2'

Opioids are a type of drug. They are also referred to as narcotics. In the human body, the opioid receptors are present at a variety of locations, including the brain, in the spinal cord, on peripheral neurons, and the digestive tract. They often act as pain relievers.

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of a cell, and it can be broken down into two main phases: the energy-requiring phase and  the energy-releasing phase. Each three-carbon sugar is converted into another three-carbon molecule, pyruvate, through a series of reactions. In these reactions, ATP molecules and one NADH molecule are made. Because this phase takes place twice, once for each of the two three-carbon sugars, it makes four ATP and two NADH overall.

2 molecules of ATP is utilized during the conversion of glucose into fructose 1,6 diphosphate.

Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct transfer of phosphate group to ADP to form ATP. It accounts of 100% of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis. The first substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when 1, 3 - diphosphoglyceraldehyde is converted to 1, 3 - diphosphoglyceric acid and 2 NADH$ _2$ are formed, that is 6 ATP are formed. The 1, 3-diphosphoglyceric acid is then dephosphorylated to 3 phosphoglyceric acid producing 2 ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. The second substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when phosphoenolpyruvic acid is converted to pyruvic acid producing 2 ATP molecules.

• The thyroid gland is composed of two lobes that are located on either side of the trachea.
• Follicular cells of the thyroid gland synthesize two hormones, tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine ($T _4$) and triiodothyronine ($T _3$). 
• Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the basal metabolic rate. 
• Hence the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine.
• So, the correct answer is 'Thyroxine'.