Tag: endocrine glands
Questions Related to endocrine glands
Diosgenin is
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Saccharide
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Steroid
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Amino acids
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Peptide
Diosgenin, a plant steroid sapogenin. Diosgenin is the product of hydrolysis by acids, strong bases, or enzymes of saponins which are extracted from the tubers of Dioscorea wild yam. Diosgenin is used for the commercial synthesis of cortisone, pregnenolone, progesterone, and other steroid products.
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given:
| List-I | List-II | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| A. | Islets of Langerhans | 1. | Calcitonin |
| B. | Pituitary gland | 2. | Epinephrine |
| C. | Thyroid gland | 3. | Growth hormone |
| D. | Adrenal gland | 4. | Insulin |
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A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2
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A - 4, B - 3, C - 1, D - 2
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A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1
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A - 3, B - 2, C - 4, D - 1
| A. Islets of Langerhans | Islets of Langerhans are irregularly shaped patches of endocrine tissue located within the pancreas of most vertebrates. The islets consist of four distinct cell types, of which three (alpha, beta, and delta cells) produce important hormones; the fourth component (C cells) has no known function. The most common islet cell, the beta cell, produces insulin, the major hormone in the regulation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Insulin is crucial in several metabolic processes: it promotes the uptake and metabolism of glucose by the body’s cells; it prevents release of glucose by the liver; it causes muscle cells to take up amino acids, the basic components of protein; and it inhibits the breakdown and release of fats. So the correct option is 'insulin'. |
|---|---|
| B. Pituitary gland | The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. The hypophysis rests upon the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae). Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help in controlling growth, blood pressure, energy management, all functions of the sex organs, thyroid glands and metabolism as well as some aspects of pregnancy, childbirth, nursing, water/salt concentration at the kidneys, temperature regulation and pain relief.So the correct option is 'growth hormone'. |
| C. Thyroid gland | Calcitonin is a hormone that is produced in humans by the parafollicular cells (commonly known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone. This means that it acts to reduce calcium levels in the blood. However, the importance of this role in humans is unclear, as patients who have very low or very high levels of calcitonin show no adverse effects. So the correct option is 'calcitonin'. |
| D. Adrenal gland | Epinephrine, also known as adrenalin or adrenaline, is a medication and hormone. Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar. Epinephrine does this by its effects on alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some one celled organisms. So the correct option is 'epinephrine'. |
Which among the following is incorrect about the endocrine system?
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It relies on chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream.
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It is a control system that has extremely rapid effects on the body.
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The hormones affect only certain "target" organs.
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It is involved in maintaining body homeostasis.
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Its organs secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, rather than through ducts
The endocrine system includes ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the blood. This makes option E correct about the system. Second messengers are the low molecular weight molecules that serve to transmit and amplify the signal of hormones, the first messenger, to initiate the downstream enzyme cascade inside the cell. Second messenger pathway is activated by binding of hormones to the receptor molecules present on the surface of target cells only.
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