Tag: bones and movements

Questions Related to bones and movements

Which one is required for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission?

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. $Ca^{2+}$

  2. $Mg^{2+}$

  3. $Fe^{2+}$

  4. Both A and B

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:
  •  A neural signal reaching this junction releases a neurotransmitter (Acetylcholine) which generates an action potential in the sarcolemma. This spreads through the muscle fibre and causes the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm
  • Active sites for myosin are present on actin which are masked by troponin-C in resting state. When Ca++ level increases it leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin i.e Troponin-C on actin(thin) filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for myosin.
  • Utilizing the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head now binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a cross bridge. 
  • This pulls the attached actin filaments towards the centre of ‘A’ band.
  • The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere, i.e., contraction. The myosin, releasing the ADP and P1 goes back to its relaxed state. Hence Ca$^{2+}$ is required for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Ca 2+'.

Which among the following is not involved in the muscular contraction?

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Ca ion

  2. Troponin

  3. Actin

  4. Mg ion

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:
  • Active sites for myosin(Thick filament) are present on actin which are masked by troponin in resting state. when  Ca++ level increases it leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin(thin) filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for myosin.
  • Utilizing the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head now binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a cross bridge. 
  • This pulls the attached actin filaments towards the centre of ‘A’ band.
  •  The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere, i.e., contraction.
  • magnesium acts as a natural calcium blocker to help muscles relax. Hence Mg ion is not involved in the muscular contraction but it is involved in muscle relaxation by blocking calcium ions.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Mg'

Ion connected with forming cross bridges is

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. $Na^+$

  2. $Ca^{2+}$

  3. $K^+$

  4. None of the above

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Cross bridge cycling forms the basis for movements and force production in the muscle cells. The myosin heads are known as cross bridges because they can bind and move along actin filament. Sarcomere is a stretch of myofibril between two z lines where myosin is in center and actin at periphery, slightly overlapping myosin. Nerve impulse causes release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds to troponin which changes configuration of tropomyosin and exposes cross bridge heads on myosin allowing actin myosin binding. This causes contraction of muscle fibre. ATP is required for myosin to dissociate from actin. The calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum regulate when cross bridging cycle can occur. 

Therefore option B is correct

Name the ion responsible for unmasking of active sites for myosin for cross-bridge activity during muscle contraction.

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Calcium

  2. Magneisum

  3. Sodium

  4. Potassium

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Calcium is the ion released into the sarcoplasma from sarcoplasmic reticulum during the polarisation.  Ca++ attaches to the Troponin-C. This brings a confirmational change in the tropomyosin. As a result unmasking of active sites on actin for myosin takes place. Cross bridges are formed between actin and myosin. This results in muscle contraction.

Magnesium is used in phosphorylation reactions involving ATP.
Sodium and potassium help in maintaining the membrane potential.
So the correct option is A.

Calcium ions bring about muscle contraction through

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Activation of myosin ATP-ase

  2. Exposing active sites of actin filaments

  3. Mobilisation of food reserve

  4. Both A and B

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

  • The muscle contraction cycle is triggered by calcium ions binding to the protein complex troponin, exposing the active-binding sites on the actin. 
  • ATP can then attach to myosin, which allows the cross-bridge cycle to start again; further muscle contraction can occur. 
  • Cardiac myosin activators stimulate myosin ATPase, thereby increasing force generation. Hence, Calcium ions bring about muscle contraction
  • through Activation of myosin ATP-ase.
 So, the correct answer is 'Activation of myosin ATP-ase'.

Organ of Golgi is the sensing structure formed at the junction of

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Two nerves

  2. Two bones

  3. Nerve and muscle

  4. Muscle and tendon

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Organ of Golgi. also known as Golgi tendon organ is a kind of proprioreceptor that sense stimulus within the body. It receives information from the tendons and sense tension in muscles. These kind of receptors get activated when the muscles stretch or contract due to any activity. These receptor are made up of collagen strands and formed at the junction of muscle and tendon.
So, the correct answer is 'Muscle and tendon'.

During strenuous muscular activity, hydrogens removed from sugar molecules are accepted temporarily by .......... to form..........        

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. oxygen; water

  2. pyruvate; lactic acid

  3. myoglobin; carbaminohaemoglobin

  4. oxygen; carbon dioxide

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

During the strenuous muscular activity, hydrogens removed from sugar molecules are accepted temporarily by pyruvate to form lactic acid.

So, the correct option is 'pyruvate; lactic acid'.

Upon stimulation of skeletal muscles, calcium is immediately made available for binding to troponin from

biology locomotion and movement locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction types of muscles muscles

  1. Wood

  2. lymph

  3. sarcoplasmic reticulum

  4. bone

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Upon stimulation of skeletal muscles, calcium is immediately made available for binding to troponin from 'sarcoplasmic reticulum'.

Exoskeleton is mesodermal in

biology movement and locomotion in man locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction

  1. Mammals

  2. Birds

  3. Fishes

  4. Fishes, crocodiles and chelones

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:
  • The protective or supporting structure covering the outside of the body of many animals is called the exoskeleton. 
  • The exoskeleton is mesodermal in mammals.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Mammals'

The term "innominate" is used for?

biology movement and locomotion in man locomotion in animals bones and movements muscle contraction

  1. A bone and an artery

  2. A bone and a vein

  3. A bone and a nerve

  4. A vein and a nerve

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:
The term innominate means unnamed or anonymous. It is often used to refer to certain anatomical structures that have a descriptive name rather than precise ones. In humans this termed is used to refer to the hip bone and brachiocephalic artery.
Hence, the correct answer is 'A bone and an artery'.