Tag: cardiac regulation and disorders

A heart attack occurs when one of the heart's coronary arteries is blocked suddenly or has extremely slow blood flow. A heart attack also is called a myocardial infarction. The usual cause of sudden blockage in a coronary artery is the formation of a blood clot.

• The symptoms of myocardial infarction include heaviness and severe pain in the chest and neck region, lower jaw, left arm and left shoulder. 
• Angina pectoris has symptoms of acute chest pain when not enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle. 
• Atherosclerosis affects the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle which is caused by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues making the lumen of arteries narrower. 
• Arteriosclerosis show symptoms like chest pain or pressure, sudden arm or leg weakness or numbness, slurred speech, high blood pressure, etc. 
• So, the correct option is "Myocardial infarction".

Heart failure means the state of heart, when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body. It is sometimes called congestive heart failure because congestion of the lungs is one of the main symptoms of this disease. Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest (when the heart stops beating) or a heart attack (when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply).

Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is a stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin. It forms in red blood cells upon contact with carbon monoxide (CO). Large quantities of CO hinders the ability of Hb to deliver oxygen to the body. CO is produced in normal metabolism and is also a common chemical in smoke and industry and vehicular exhaust. Also, tobacco smoking (through carbon monoxide inhalation) raises the blood levels of COHb several times from its normal concentrations.

Angina pectoris - It is the sensation of chest pain as a result of myocardial ischemia, caused by an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and oxygen demand. It is a common symptom among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).
Myocardial infarction - commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood stops flowing properly to a part of the heart, and the heart muscle is injured because it is not receiving enough oxygen. Usually, this is because one of the coronary arteries that supplies blood to the heart develops a blockage due to an unstable buildup of white blood cells, cholesterol and fat.
Cardiomegaly - is a medical condition, which refers to the enlargement of heart.

Carbon monoxide is an atmospheric pollutant present in vehicular exhaust and cigarette smoke. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas and reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood. One molecule of hemoglobin combines with four molecules of carbon monoxide to form carboxyhemoglobin. The colour of carboxyhemoglobin is cherry red. 

Erythroblastosis fetalis is a hemolytic anemia in the fetus caused by the transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies to the fetal RBCs. In this alloimmune condition that develops in the fetus, the IgG molecules produced by the mother pass through the placenta and so is because of incompatibility.
Jaundice is caused because of the excess of bilirubin in the blood.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Tachycardia refers to an abnormally fast resting heart rate - usually at least 100 beats per minute. The threshold of a normal heart rate (pulse) is generally based on the person's age.