Tag: menstruation in females

Puberty is the stage at which physical changes occurs through which a child's body matures into an adult body to enable fertilization.
Pubertal changes in girls is secondary sexual characteristics which involves development of breast, pubic hair, changes in vagina, uterus and ovaries, menstruation, development of acne due to hormonal changes.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Ovulation is the process when a mature egg is released from the ovary. Then the egg is pushed down the Fallopian tube and is available to be fertilized. In females, ovulation continues after the age of 45-50 after which eggs are not released from the ovary and there is menopause.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), '45-50'.

• Menstruation also is known as a monthly bleeding cycle that occurs in a female. During the period of 21-28 days oviduct, a part of the female reproductive system produces an egg in the process called ovulation. In this duration, the uterus prepares itself by increasing blood supply with arteries and veins, building a placenta to support the embryo if the egg gets fertilized by a sperm. If the egg is not fertilized the uterus starts contractions to break down the placenta. This process of rupturing the placenta from the uterus wall goes on for 3-5 days and is called menstruation. 
  
• Luteinization is an early step in the formation of griffin follicles, an early stage of a mature ovum.
• Oogenesis is a complete process by which egg/ovum is formed.
• Estrogeniztion is the production of thick pale fluid produced by the action of estrogen during puberty in females.

If the fertilization occurs and the foetus is implanted in the endometrium, the trophoblastic cells of the developing placenta and secrete the hormone which is the human chorionic gonadotropin. This hormone, like LH, maintain the Corpus luteum and the secretion of progesterone and oestrogen by it. These two check the breakdown of the endometrium of the uterus. The absence of menstrual bleeding is the earliest sign of pregnancy. Fertilization is diploid condition and equatorial division is complete only fertilization occurs.

Polar bodies are formed each monthe after attaining puberty. Hence, total years of polar bodies formation are equal to the difference between the age of puberty till date. 

If fertilized egg is not implanted into the uterus after the release of the matured egg, the corpus luteum degenerates and the levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease. The decrease in the level of progesterone causes the endometrium to degenerate initiating the menstrual cycle. This causes the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of GnRH, which in turn causes the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary. The rising level of LH and FSH causes the growth of follicles on the ovarian surface, preparing for ovulation and thus beginning the ovarian cycle. So, the correct option is 'hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to increase its output of FSH and LH'.

Menopause is the time when menstrual cycles permanently cease. Symptoms of menopause include irregular periods, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, mood swings. During natural menopause, estrogen and progesterone levels in blood decreases. However, the levels of FSH and LH in blood increases during this time. High levels of FSH is an indicator of perimenopause period.

Puberty is the period of growth that bridges childhood to adulthood and results in physical and several maturities as well as the capacity for reproduction. Over half of pubertal timing is considered heritable.

Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads: the ovaries in a girl, the testes in a boy.
Menopause is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for 12 months. It is the time in a woman's life when the function of the ovaries ceases. The process of menopause does not occur overnight, but rather is a gradual process. 
At conception, gender is determined by chromosome characteristics and it will be the male (or rather the male's sperm) that dictates whether the baby will be a boy or a girl. Prior to conception, the unfertilized egg carries an X chromosome while the sperm can carry either an X or a Y chromosome. The gender of the baby comes down to one simple event. If the sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, a girl will be conceived. If the sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, a boy will be conceived.
A goitre is a swelling of the neck or larynx resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland (thyromegaly), associated with a thyroid gland that is not functioning properly.Worldwide, the most common cause for goitre is iodine deficiency, usually seen in countries that do not use iodized salt.