Tag: extraction of metal from concentrated ore

During roasting, the sulphide ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in excess of air.
$ZnS + 3O _2 \rightarrow 2ZnO + 2SO _2$

Reduction is the process of removal of oxygen for extraction of metals from their oxide ores. The common reducing agents used for reduction of metal oxides are: Carbon monoxide,  Carbon, Hydrogen.

During electrolysis, electrons are being added directly to the metal ions at the cathode (the negative electrode). The downside (particularly in the aluminum case) is the cost of the electricity. An advantage is that it can produce very pure metals.

After the ore is mined, the metals must be extracted, usually by chemical or electrolytic reduction. Pyrometallurgy uses high temperatures  to convert ore into raw metals, while hydrometallurgy employs aqueous treatment for the same purpose.

Metals more reactive than carbon are usually extracted by electrolysis. Electrolysis is the process of breaking down a compound using electrical energy and is needed to extract  the most reactive metals. 

The most common types of electrometallurgical processes are electrowinning and electro-refining. Electrowinning is an electrolysis process used to recover metals in aqueous solution, usually as the result of an ore having undergone one or more hydrometallurgical processes. Electro-refining is used to dissolve an impure metallic anode and produce a high purity cathode. 

In many cases, it is possible to separate the metal compound from unwanted rocky material by physical means. A common example of this involves froth flotation. In this method, the unwanted object binds with air and comes on the surface as bubbles.

In electrolytic refining, impure metal is of positive charged anode and pure metal is of negative charged cathode.

Heating of ore in the presence of oxygen is called roasting. It is a Pyrochemical Process.