Tag: level of biological organization in animals

The term ecosystem was first coined by Roy Clapham in 1930, but it was ecologist Arthur Tansley, who fully defined the ecosystem concept.

British botanist A.G. Tansley first introduced the term ecosystem to describe a group of living organisms and its effective environment. Tansley's definition in 1935 referred to the whole system, including not only the organism complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming the environment of the biome. 

The biosphere is the global ecological system, integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

• It is mostly the climate (temperature and precipitation) in an area, that determines its biome. This is because climate limits the species of plants, that can grow in an area. In turn, the species of plants determine the kinds of animals, that live there. 
• A biome's boundaries are determined by climate more than any other factor. E.g., tundra is colder and has a shorter growing season than other biomes, it has fewer kinds of vegetation. 
• Towards the equator, precipitation becomes increasingly important, producing temperate communities of desert, grassland, and forest in increasing order of precipitation. 
• In the tropical and subtropical biomes, which occur in the equatorial latitudes, there is a relatively smaller range of temperatures during the year, and their variation is also determined by the amount of precipitation. 
• Another important factor is the altitude. Changes in vegetation occur with increasing altitude. 
• Soil is an important factor as it will determine the type of vegetation and biodiversity of that area. 

The biosphere is composed of all living organisms. Plants, animals, and one-celled organisms are all part of the biosphere. The biosphere includes all the areas inhabited by living things, like the hydrosphere, which includes all the water; the atmosphere, which includes all the air; and the lithosphere, which includes all the land.

In ecology, a community or biocoenosis is an assemblage or association of independent and interacting populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area and in a particular time. 

The tropical rainforest is a biome located around the equator. It has the highest biodiversity of all the earth's ecosystems, both in flora and fauna as well as microbes. This high diversity is due to the optimal growing conditions at equatorial locations. Abundant rainfall and warm temperatures, as well as intense sunlight. 

The ecosystem is a segment of biosphere consisting of a community of living beings and the abiotic or physical environment, both interacting and exchanging materials between them. The word ecosystem was first coined by Tansley in 1935.

Under natural conditions, all living organisms in an ecosystem are interacting, co-habitating and interdependent. This enables the self-sustenance in an ecosystem. A change in any of these results in collapse of the ecosystem. Thus the correct answer is option D.