Tag: biology

Monocots have their vascular bundles arranged in the form of a ring. They have spherical structures when seen in a microscope.  In their outermost layer, there is a presence of chloroplast containing chlorophyll. Both of them have these layers of epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular tissue, conjunctive tissue, pith. In the middle layer, there are parenchyma cells. Below it, there are skull-shaped bundles of xylem and phloem arranges spherically.

In Angiosperms, the female gametophyte, or megagametophyte, is the embryo sac. Eggs develop in the ovules of the angiosperm flower. Within each ovule is a megaspore mother cell. Each megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores.

Dicots are the flowering plants recognized by the presence of two cotyledons. Initially, in the seed, the endosperm provides nourishment. The cotyledons are the initial primary leaves formed after the germination of seed. These are the small green leaves which mark the start of the photosynthesis and the plant can synthesize food on their own. 

Phanerogams, also known as spermatophytes, refer to "all seed plants". Gymnosperms are the seed bearing plants wherein seeds are naked i.e. not enclosed by ovary or fruit. Angiosperms are seed bearing plants wherein seeds are enclosed within ovary or fruit. Since both gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed-bearing plants and therefore are included under phanerogams. Pteridophytes are categorized under cryptogams, not under phanerogams, as they do not form seed or flowers. Thus, the correct answer is option E.