Tag: history

Mohatarfa was the duties imposed on traders and professionals, and it was treated as the income tax.  The tax varied from place to place, shop to shop and profession to profession. It depended on the earning of each trader. 

Mohammed Ghori was defeated by Raja Bhimdev II in the battle of Kayadara near Mt. Abu. After this defeat, he never turned to Gujarat later on. Bhimdev II  was an Indian king who belonged to the Solanki dynasty and ruled parts of present-day Gujarat. His reign suffered many rebellions by the feudatories as well as external invasions by the Ghurids, the Paramaras, and the Yadavas of Devagiri.

The Hitopadesha composed by Pandit Narayana is a remarkable compilation of short stories. It is regarded more or less similar to the Panchatantra. It is a collection of tales that counsel and advice for the welfare and benefit of everyone. hitopadesh is an Indian text in Sanskrit language consisting of fables with animal and human characters.

Mahmud Ghazni made the very first attack on India in 1001. He attacked India 17 times in 25 years. He made his last attack on the Somnath temple in 1025 to plunder the gold.

Modhera Sun temple is located at Modhera village of Mehsana district, Gujarat, India on the bank of river Pushpavati. It is a Hindu temple built by Bhimdev I of the Solanki dynasty in 1026AD and dedicated to the Sun. The Temple was plundered by Mahmud Ghazni in 1024-25 when his army invaded Bhima's kingdom. Even after the attack, the temple still retains its architectural grandeur till date.

Sukhpal was the ruler of Multan during Mahmud invasion. He was appointed as the ruler by Mahmud because he had embraced Islam. But later, when he gave up Islam and began to rule as an independent ruler Mahmud invaded Multan in 1008 to punish him.

Mahmud invaded Somnath temple in 1025 A.D it was his last invasion in India. He destroyed the idol of Somnath and looted enormous wealth from this temple. He took a lot of silver, gold and many other precious gems along with him.  The Islamic world appreciated this victory and the Caliph called him as the "Star of the Islamic world".

Mahmud of Ghazni for the first time attacked modern Afghanistan and Pakistan in 1000 AD. There he defeated Hindu Shahi ruler Jaya Pala, who committed suicide later and was succeeded then by his son Anandpala.