To answer this question, you need to understand the process of metal cutting and the formation of chips.
During metal cutting operations, such as turning, milling, or drilling, a cutting tool is used to remove material from a workpiece. As the tool moves across the workpiece, it applies forces that cause deformation in the material, resulting in the formation of chips.
Option A) Linear deformation - This option is incorrect because chips are not formed due to linear deformation alone. While deformation does occur during the cutting process, it is not the sole factor responsible for chip formation.
Option B) Shear deformation - This option is correct. Chips are primarily formed due to shear deformation. When the cutting tool applies forces to the workpiece, it causes a shearing action that leads to the separation of material in the form of chips.
Option C) Linear translation - This option is incorrect. Linear translation refers to the movement of the cutting tool across the workpiece, but it does not directly contribute to the formation of chips.
Option D) All of these - This option is incorrect. While linear deformation and linear translation are involved in metal cutting operations, they are not the main factors responsible for the formation of chips. Shear deformation is the primary mechanism by which chips are formed.
Therefore, the correct answer is B) shear deformation. This option is correct because shearing forces generated during metal cutting operations cause the material to deform and separate, resulting in the formation of chips.