Tag: biotechnology and its applications

• Transgenic plants are those plants whose genome is altered by the addition of one or more transgenes. Tobacco plant is the most common plant for expressing the transgenes. As the genome of tobacco plant is completely studied. The transgenic plants are transcribed in such a way that they develop tolerance against stress, salt, herbicide and also for vaccine productions. There are several transgenes which are inserted in tobacco plant like cry2Aa gene which gives resistance against any worms.
  
• The Meloidogyne does not perform the conversion of sites like pre-RISC to RISC. The Meloidogyne gene is obtained by the species Meloidegyne incognita which are mainly responsible for causing root knot in plants.
• Therefore the correct answer is option "A".

A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene sequence (known as the transgene) may come from another unrelated plant or from a completely different species. In many cases, the inserted DNA has to be modified slightly in order to correctly and efficiently express in the host organism. The pomato is a chimera produced by grafting a tomato plant and a potato plant, both of which are members of the Solanaceae family. Pomato plants make food production more efficient, as they maximize the amount of crops that can be produced on a piece of land. In addition, grafting can improve resistance to bacteria, viruses and fungi, attract a more diverse group of pollinators and provide a sturdy trunk for delicate ornamental plants.

Transgenic plants are generated with the help of recombinant DNA technology (RDT). Recombinant DNA is a DNA that constitute genes or parts of genes from two or more organisms, usually of different species (or is specifically the gene of interest). Thus, transgenic plants are generated by incorporating foreign DNA into the target organism, and it helps in the formation of the transgenic plant. Transgenic plants are also known as the GMO as the process of genetic engineering and RDT plays an important role in their development.

Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. For example, in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases or environmental conditions, reduction of spoilage, resistance to chemical treatments (e.g., resistance to a herbicide) or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. GM mustard is being developed to increase the productivity of mustard to meet the ever-growing demand for edible oil in the country. Bt cotton is a genetically modified variety of cotton producing an insecticide. It is produced by Monsanto. It is supplied in India's Maharashtra state.

A Ti or tumour inducing plasmid is a circular plasmid that is a part of the genetic equipment that Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes use to transduce its genetic material to plants. The Ti plasmid is lost when Agrobacterium is grown above 28$^o$C. Such, cured bacteria do not induce crown galls, i.e., they become avirulent.

Night blindness is the inability to see normally in subdued light. It is usually a result of vitamin A deficiency. Golden rice is such a biofortified crop. Golden rice grains are easily recognisable by their yellow to orange colour. The stronger the colour the more carotene. Rice produces provitamin A (carotene) in the leaves but not in the grain, where the biosynthetic pathway is turned off during plant development. In golden rice, two genes have been inserted into the rice genome by genetic engineering, to restart the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway leading to the production and accumulation of carotene in the grains. Both genes are naturally involved in carotene biosynthesis. 

Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice. The research was conducted with the goal of producing a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A, a deficiency which is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 each year.
Golden rice differs from its parental strain by the addition of three beta-carotene biosynthesis genes. 

Golden rice is yellow coloured enriched with pro-vitamin A (by introducing the genes).