Tag: endocrine system and chemical co-ordination

A. Hypothalamus: It is located in the base of the diencephalon. It releases releasor hormone(stimulate anterior pituitary) and inhibiting hormone( inhibit anterior pituitary). So, hypothalamus stimulates gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.

• Watery diarrhoea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria, is caused by overproduction of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) which stimulates fluid and electrolyte secretion in the intestinal epithelium via activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway. Hence, Hypokalemia is caused by the overproduction of VIP.

Answer is option A i.e. "Gastrin"
Stimuli in the stomach and small intestine activate or induce gastric juice production. The gastrin in digestive acid secretion is induced by the mechanical and chemical stimulation of stomach.

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by gastric cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas. Gastrin is directly responsible for the release of gastric acid, which breaks down the proteins in the food you eat.

•  Vasoactive intestinal peptide, also known as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP, is a peptide hormone that is vasoactive in the intestine. VIP is produced in many tissues of vertebrates including the gut, pancreas, intestine and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain. Hence, VIP hormone is produced in Pancreas and Intestine. 

Answer is option A i.e. "Duodenum and pancreas"
Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body. Duodenum and pancreas are associated with secretion and stimulation of secretin hormone in following way: when hydrochloric acid passes from the stomach into the duodenum, secretin is released into the bloodstream and stimulates the duct cells of the pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate.

• Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a 28-amino-acid polypeptide secreted by cells throughout the intestinal tract. 
• It stimulates the secretion of electrolytes and water by the intestinal mucosa.
• Some pancreatic islet-cell tumours secrete excessive amounts of VIP (a condition called Verner-Morrison syndrome, or pancreatic cholera). VIP-secreting tumours cause severe, intractable, debilitating watery diarrhoea and an associated loss of large quantities of potassium. The resulting dehydration may be life-threatening. Hence, VIP hormone stimulates the Intestinal secretion of water and electrolyte.
So, the correct answer is 'Intestinal secretion of water and electrolyte'.

• Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. 
• Cholecystokinin, officially called pancreozymin, is synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. 
• Cholecystokinin also increases the release of fluid and enzymes from the pancreas to break down fats, proteins and carbohydrates.
•  Cholecystokinin seems to be involved with appetite by increasing the sensation of fullness in the short-term, that is, during a meal rather than between mealsHence, Cholecystokinin involves in Controlling appetite.
So, the correct answer is 'Controlling appetite'.

• Cholecystokinin, officially called pancreozymin, is synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine cells or I-cell in the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine.
•  Its presence causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder, respectively, and also acts as a hunger suppressant. Hence, I cell secretes cholecystokinin hormone.