Tag: biology

Questions Related to biology

Which was the first protein hormone ever to be synthesized?

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. Oxytocin

  2. Glucagon

  3. Insulin

  4. Testosterone

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The first protein to be sequenced was insulin, by Frederick Sanger, in 1949. 

So, the correct option is 'Insulin'.

Transgenic plants are developed by

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. clone and genetically modified genes

  2. introduction of foreign genes

  3. genetic engineering

  4. purified genes

Show answer
Correct Option: B

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains have been used for designing novel

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. bio-fertilizers

  2. bio-metallurgical techniques

  3. bio-mineralization processes

  4. bio-insecticidal plants

Show answer
Correct Option: D

Which of the following is not a correct statement?

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. "Bt" in "Bt-cotton" indicates that it is a genetically modified organism produced through biotechnology

  2. Somatic hybridization involves fusion of two complete plant cells carrying desired genes

  3. The anti-coagulant hirudin is being produced from transgenic Brassica napus seed

  4. "Flavr Savr" variety of tomato has enhanced the Production of ethylene which improves its taste

Show answer
Correct Option: A,B,D

Human insulin is being commercially produced from a transgenic species of

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. Mycobacterium

  2. Rhizobium

  3. Saccharomyces

  4. Escherichia

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

A transgenic microorganism is a microbe, usually a bacterium, into which genetic information has been introduced from the outside and which possesses the ability to pass that information on to subsequent generations. In this process by which, scientists introduce new genetic material into a microorganism is called as molecular or gene cloning. It involves the isolation of DNA from a source other than the microorganism itself. The human insulin is produced by genetically engineered Escherichia coli.

Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

When using bacteria to clone a human gene and express its product-as in the case of insulin-the gene cannot contain introns because bacteria do not have the enzymes to process mRNA. Therefore

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. if the sequence is known, very small human genes can be built with a DNA synthesizer in a laboratory and they will lack introns

  2. reverse transcriptase can be used to make DNA backwards from human mature mRNA and this would lack introns

  3. it is impossible to use bacteria to express human gene products because all human genes have introns

  4. both (a) and (b) are true

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

In order for a human gene to be expressed in bacteria, it must have one important modification. Specifically, it must lack introns. Introns are intervening sequences found in many human genes, and they are removed from eukaryotic RNA transcripts by splicing to make a mature mRNA. Bacteria lack enzymes for splicing. This problem is tackled by using the following approaches:- 

  1. Reverse transcriptase is used to make DNA backwards from human mature mRNA. This DNA will lack introns and DNA will contain only those genes that are going to be expressed. 
  2. Artificial gene synthesis by building polynucleotide chain based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA fragment of the gene of interest. 

So, the correct option is 'both (a) and (b) are true'. 

Some of the steps involved in the production of humilin are given below. Arrange them in the correct sequence and select the correct option.
(i) Synthesis of gene (DNA) for human insulin artificially
(ii) Culturing recombinant E.coll in bioreactors 
(iii) Purification of humilin
(iv) Insertion of human insulin gene into plasmid
(v) Introduction of recombinant plasmid into E.coli 
(vi) Extraction of recombinant gene product from E.coli.

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. (ii), (i), (iv), (iii), (v), (vi)

  2. (i), (iii), (v), (vi), (ii), (iv)

  3. (i), (iv), (v), (ii), (vi), (iii)

  4. (iii), (v), (ii), (i), (vi), (iv)

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The given sentences can be arranged in a systemic order of i, iv, v, ii, vi, iii.

So, the correct option is '(i), (iv), (v), (ii), (vi), (iii)'.

Which of the following is produced by genetic engineered bacteria?

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. thyroxine

  2. insulin

  3. glucagon

  4. ADH

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Genetically modified or Genetically engineered bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics. These organisms are now used for several purposes and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine. Insulin is normally produced by it.

So, the correct option is 'insulin'.

During the processing of the prohormone "proinsulin" into the mature "insulin".

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. C-peptide is added to proinsulin

  2. C-peptide is removed from proinsulin

  3. B-peptide is added to proinsulin

  4. B-peptide is removed from proinsulin

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Both C-Peptide and mature insulin are biologically active. Cell components and proteins in this image are not to scale. Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, specialized regions of the pancreas. In humans, proinsulin is encoded by the INS gene.

So, the correct option is 'C-Peptide is removed from proinsulin'.

The first human hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology is?

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. insulin

  2. estrogen

  3. thyroxin

  4. progesterone

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The first licensed drug generated using recombinant DNA technology was human insulin, developed by Genentech and Licensed by Elli Lilly and company.

So, the correct option is 'Insulin'.