Tag: coordination in human beings- chemical control

Deficiency of insulin in human beings causes diabetes.

Proteins are nitrogenous organic compounds of high molecular mass which on hydrolysis by enzymes give amino acids. All proteins are enzymes. They do not contain polypeptide but are bonded by peptide linkage.

The muscular physique of a male is due to the influence of the hormone is called testosterone.
Testosterone is a male sex hormone produced by the testes that encourages the development of male sexual characteristics and stimulates the activity of the male secondary sex characteristics.

The hormone used as an oral contraceptive is progesterone. It is a female sex hormone and used to prevent pregnancy (progestin). 

Emergency hormone in animals is adrenaline. This hormone is secreted  by adrenal gland and also called as 'hormones of Fight or Flight'. It prepares the body to face emergency conditions of physical stress like danger, anger, excitement; etc. It is secreted in small amounts all the time but in large amounts when a person is frightened. The target organ is heart so heart beat increases, resulting in supply of more oxygen in our muscles. It allows more supply of glucose into the blood to give us a lot of energy quickly to fight or flight from the frightening situation.

Testosterone is used as synthetic analog by body builders illegally and unethically. Bodybuilders and athletes use these hormones to improve their performance. Steroids also help to reduce fatigue due to which sportsmen can perform tirelessly. It acts as a buffer when lactic acid is formed during physical exertion. They help athletes perform better, run faster and increase their capacity for endurance.

(A) Estrone is a female sex hormone.
(B) Testosterone is a male sex hormone.
(C) Cortisone is a steroid hormone whose main physiological effect is on carbohydrate metabolism. It is synthesized from cholesterol in the outer layer, or cortex of the adrenal gland.
(D) Thyroxine is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. The hormone thyroxine forms by combining the amino acid tyrosine with iodine. It is stored in the follicle stems between thyroid cells. Thyroxine enters into the bloodstream complexed to another protein, plasma globulin. 

The hormones used by athletes to increase the mass and strength of muscles are androgens and testosterone. They promote muscle building and increase their performance. These hormones help athletes recover from a hard workout more quickly by reducing the muscle damage that occurs during the session. This enables athletes to work out harder and more frequently without overtraining.

Option (D) is correct.
Estrogen, estradiol and progesterone all are female sex hormones. These hormones work together to promote the healthy development of female sex characteristics during puberty and to ensure fertility. Progesterone and estrogen are necessary to prepare the uterus for menstruation, and their release is triggered by the hypothalamus. Estradiol is essential in breast development, fat distribution in the hips, legs, and breasts, and the development of reproductive organs.