Tag: kidney dialysis

Haemodialysis is a method that is used to achieve the extracorporeal (procedure takes place outside the body) removal of waste products such as creatinine and urea from the blood when the kidneys are in a state of renal failure.

The dialysis fluid contains water, glucose, salts and various substances at the correct concentration for the body. The dialysing membrane allows small particles such as water, urea and mineral ions to pass through it. There will be a net flow from the region of higher concentration (usually in the blood) to the region of lower concentration (in the dialysis fluid) by diffusion. As a result, the concentration of these small particles ends up being the same on both sides of the membrane. So the blood leaving the dialysis machine has all these substances in the same concentration as the dialysis solution. The fresh dialysis solution does not contain urea - so urea (and other impurities) pass out of the blood. They are taken away by the flow of dialysis solution. Proteins and blood cells are too big to pass through the membranes, so stay in the blood.

A number of techniques are developed for separating, analyzing, and isolating the various macromolecular constituents of cells and tissues. All these techniques that principally work on the separation of proteins (and enzymes), peptides, carbohydrates, oligonucleotides and nucleic acids are electrophoresis, chromatography and ultracentrifugation. However, separation of macromolecules from the molecules and ions can also be done by using semipermeable membranes, such as those prepared from cellophane or collodion to separate solutes on the basis of molecular weight differences. The technique is called as dialysis and was first described in 1861 by T. Graham.

Most mammals e.g. human excrete in the form of urea. These are called ureotelics.

In uremia, concentration of urea goes high in blood because the tubules are not able to remove it from the blood. 

Uremia is the condition of having high levels of urea in the blood. Ketonuria is the excretion of abnormally large amounts of ketone bodies in the urine. Renal glycosuria is a rare condition in which the simple sugar glucose is eliminated in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels. Dialysis is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood in people whose kidneys can no longer perform these functions naturally. This is referred to as renal replacement therapy.

Glycosuria is a condition characterized by an excess of sugar in the urine, typically associated with diabetes or kidney disease. Kidney stones, or renal calculi, are solid masses made of crystals. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys (glomeruli). Gout is a kind of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. 

Gout is caused by accumulation of excess of uric acid crystals in the joint, resulting in painful movements.

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes, and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine.