Tag: immune system

Questions Related to immune system

Consider the following four statements (A -D) regarding kidney transplant and select the two options that are true

(A) Even if a kidney transplant is proper the recipient may need to take immuno-suppresants for a long time.

(B) The cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection.

(C) The B - lymphocytes are responsible for rejection of the graft.

(D) The acceptance or rejection of a kidney transplant depends on specific interferons.

The two correct statements are

zoology immune system active and passive immunity immunity related disorders and problems diseases and immunity

  1. (A) and (B)

  2. (B) and (C)

  3. (C) and (D)

  4. (A) and (D)

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Immunosuppressants are drugs/medicines that lower the immune system's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Even though the transplant is proper, it is always advised to continue taking immunosuppressant medication.
But when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system and destroys the transplanted tissue is called as graft rejection. Lymphocytes of specific cell-mediated immunity (T-cells) are responsible for graft rejection.

Patients who have undergone organ transplants are given anti-rejection medications to

zoology immune system active and passive immunity immunity related disorders and problems diseases and immunity

  1. Minimize infection

  2. Stimulate B-macrophage cell interaction

  3. Prevent T-lymphocyte proliferation

  4. Adopt the $HLA$ of donor

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:
  • The drugs that lower the immune system' are called immunosuppressants. 
  • These drugs are given to prevent graft rejection by lowering the immune system's ability to reject the transplanted organ. 
  • If immunity is not lowered the T lymphocytes which are the components of cell-mediated immunity destroy the transplanted tissue causing graft rejection. Thus the correct answer is option C.

Which of the following is correct for immuno-modulators?

zoology immune system active and passive immunity immunity related disorders and problems diseases and immunity

  1. They always suppress immune system

  2. They never suppress immune system

  3. They always stimulate immune system

  4. Specific immuno-modulators stimulate the immuno response of immune system, whereas some other immuno-modulators inhibit it

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Immuno-modulators are natural or synthetic substances that help to regulate or normalise the immune system. There are two types of immuno-modulators viz, immuno-suppressants, which cause immuno-suppression of the immune system and immuno-stimulants (immuno-stimulators) which stimulate immune system by inducing or increasing activity of any of its component. Thus the correct answer is option D.

Number of haplotypes present in an individual is 

zoology immune system active and passive immunity immunity related disorders and problems diseases and immunity

  1. One

  2. Two

  3. Six

  4. Numerous

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent. It is used in the collection of specific alleles (that is, specific DNA sequences) in a cluster of tightly linked genes on a chromosome that are likely to be inherited together. An individual will have two haplotypes, although at a population level there may be numerous haplotypes for any given stretch of chromosomal DNA.

So, the correct answer is 'Two'.

Haplotypes are identical in

zoology immune system active and passive immunity immunity related disorders and problems diseases and immunity

  1. Identical twins

  2. Brothers and sisters

  3. Children and parents

  4. All of the above

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent. It is used in the collection of specific alleles (that is, specific DNA sequences) in a cluster of tightly linked genes on a chromosome that are likely to be inherited together. The dizygotic twin pairs share two HLA haplotypes more often than ordinary siblings and thus might be genetically more alike.

So, the correct answer is 'Identical twins'.

Haplotype is

zoology immune system active and passive immunity immunity related disorders and problems diseases and immunity

  1. A single genome

  2. Major histocompatability compklex

  3. Chain of HLA alleles inherited together

  4. All of the above

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent. It is used in the collection of specific alleles (that is, specific DNA sequences) in a cluster of tightly linked genes on a chromosome that are likely to be inherited together.

So, the correct answer is 'Chain of HLA alleles inherited together'.

In tissue typing for organ transplant, which of the following is matched?

zoology immune system active and passive immunity immunity related disorders and problems diseases and immunity

  1. HLA proteins

  2. HLA alleles

  3. Human leucocyte antigens

  4. Haplotypes

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system or complex is a gene complex encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in humans. These cell-surface proteins are responsible for the regulation of the immune system in humans. Tissue typing is a group of procedures that determine the type of histocompatibility antigens on a person's cells or tissues. This procedure is typically used prior to transplantation of tissues or organs. In tissue typing HLA (human leucocyte antigen) are matched.

So, the correct answer is 'Human leucocyte antigens'.

Obstacle to large scale transplantation of organ is 

zoology immune system active and passive immunity immunity related disorders and problems diseases and immunity

  1. Insufficiency of organ donors

  2. Immunological rejection of foreign bodies

  3. Religious or ethnic considerations

  4. Lack of effective surgical techniques

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ. The major problem in organ transplantation is transplant rejection, during which the body has an immune response to the transplanted organ(non-self), possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient.

So, the correct answer is 'Immunological rejection of foreign bodies'.

Organ transplant rejection is prevented by

zoology immune system active and passive immunity immunity related disorders and problems diseases and immunity

  1. Antibodies

  2. New T-cells

  3. immunostimulatory drugs

  4. Immunosuppressant drugs

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ. One of the major problem associated with organ transplantation is the transplantation rejection, during which the body has an immune response to the transplanted organ leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. In order to prevent the transplant rejection, the immunosuppressant drugs are used which suppresses the immune system responses.

So, the correct answer is 'Immunosuppressant drugs'.

Rejection of transplanted organ is prevented by regular use of

zoology immune system active and passive immunity immunity related disorders and problems diseases and immunity

  1. Cyclosporin

  2. Calcitonin

  3. Thrombin

  4. Pyroxin

  5. Aspirin

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Cyclosporin is an effective immunosuppressant used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders (such as rheumatoid arthritis) and in organ transplantation to prevent rejection. Cyclosporin lowers the activity of T-cells and hence, suppressing the activity of the immune system. Cyclosporin was isolated from the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum. Common side effects include high blood pressure, headache, kidney problems, increased hair growth, and vomiting.

So, the correct answer is 'Cyclosporin'.